6 Kinds of Simple Machines

Work is performed by applying a force over a distance. These six simple machines create a greater output force than the input force; the ratio of these forces is the mechanical advantage of the machine. All six of the simple machines listed here have been used for thousands of years, and the physics behind several of them were quantified by the Greek philosopher Archimedes (ca. 287–212Â  BCE). When combined, these machines can be used together to create an even greater mechanical advantage, as in the case of a bicycle. Lever A lever is a simple machine that consists of a rigid object (often a bar of some kind) and a fulcrum (or pivot). Applying a force to one end of the rigid object causes it to pivot about the fulcrum, causing a magnification of the force at another point along the rigid object. There are three classes of levers, depending on where the input force, output force, and fulcrum are in relation to each other. The earliest lever was in use as a balance scale by 5000 BCE; Archimedes is credited with saying Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth. Baseball bats, seesaws, wheelbarrows, and crowbars are all types of levers. Wheel Axle A wheel is a circular device that is attached to a rigid bar in its center. A force applied to the wheel causes the axle to rotate, which can be used to magnify the force (by, for example, having a rope wind around the axle). Alternately, a force applied to provide rotation on the axle translates into rotation of the wheel. It can be viewed as a type of lever that rotates around a center fulcrum. The earliest wheel and axle combination known was a toy model of a four-wheeled cart made in Mesopotamia about 3500 BCE. Ferris wheels, tires, and rolling pins are examples of wheels and axles. Inclined Plane An inclined plane is a plane surface set at an angle to another surface. This results in doing the same amount of work by applying the force over a longer distance. The most basic inclined plane is a ramp; it requires less force to move up a ramp to a higher elevation than to climb to that height vertically. No one invented the inclined plane since it occurs naturally in nature, but people used ramps to build large buildings (monumental architecture) as early as 10,000–8,500Â  BCE. Archimedess On Plane Equilibrium describes the centers of gravity for various geometrical plane figures. Wedge The wedge is often considered a double inclined plane—both sides are inclined—that moves to exert a force along the lengths of the sides. The force is perpendicular to the inclined surfaces, so it pushes two objects (or portions of a single object) apart. Axes, knives, and chisels are all wedges. The common door wedge uses the force on the surfaces to provide friction, rather than separate things, but its still fundamentally a wedge. The wedge is the oldest simple machine, made by our ancestors Homo erectus at least as long ago as 1.2 million years to make stone tools. Screw A screw is a shaft that has an inclined groove along its surface. By rotating the screw (applying a torque), the force is applied perpendicular to the groove, thus translating a rotational force into a linear one. It is frequently used to fasten objects together (as the hardware screw and bolt does). The Babylonians in Mesopotamia developed the screw in the 7th century BCE, to elevate water from a low-lying body to a higher one (irrigate a garden from a river). This machine would later to be known as Archimedes screw. Pulley A pulley is a wheel with a groove along its edge, where a rope or cable can be placed. It uses the principle of applying force over a longer distance, and also the tension in the rope or cable, to reduce the magnitude of the necessary force. Complex systems of pulleys can be used to greatly reduce the force that must be applied initially to move an object. Simple pulleys were used by the Babylonians in the 7th century BCE; the first complex one (with several wheels) was invented by the Greeks about 400 BCE. Archimedes perfected the existing technology, making the first fully-realized block and tackle. Whats a Machine? The first use of the word machine (machina) in Greek was by the ancient Greek poet Homer in the 8th century BCE, who used it to refer to political manipulation. The Greek playwright Aeschylus (523–426 BCE) is credited with using the word in reference to theatrical machines such as the deus ex machina or god from a machine. This machine was a crane that brought actors playing gods onto the stage. Sources and Further Reading Bautista Paz, Emilio, et al. A Brief Illustrated History of Machines and Mechanisms. Dordrecht, Germany: Springer, 2010. Print.Ceccarelli, Marco. Contributions of Archimedes on Mechanics and Design of Mechanisms. Mechanism and Machine Theory 72 (2014): 86–93. Print.Chondros, Thomas G. Archimedes Life Works and Machines. Mechanism and Machine Theory 45.11 (2010): 1766–75. Print.PIsano, Raffaele, and Danilo Capecchi. On Archimedean Roots in Torricellis Mechanics. The Genius of Archimedes: 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science, and Engineering. Eds. Paipetis, Stephans A. and Marco Ceccarelli. Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8–10, 2010. Dordrecht, Germany: Springer, 2010. 17–28. Print.Waters, Shaun, and George A. Aggidis. Over 2000 Years in Review: Revival of the Archimedes Screw from Pump to Turbine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 51 (2015): 497–505. Print.

Essay about Nelson Mandela Worked to End Apartheid in...

I have always thought that Nelson Mandela has been one of the most important people in history. I find it very fascinating that one man could end the Apartheid and that is why I want to find out more about this. South Africa is a country with a past of enforced racism and separation of its multi-racial community. The White Europeans invaded South Africa and started a political system known as Apartheid (meaning apartness). This system severely restricted the rights and lifestyle of the non-White inhabitants of the country forcing them to live separately from the White Europeans. I have chosen to investigate how the Apartheid affected people’s lives, and also how and why the Apartheid system rose and fell in South Africa. Racial†¦show more content†¦(History, 2013) The population of South Africa were segregated into categouries of Coloured, Black, White and Indian. Black South African lives were affected in many different ways and it still is today. Apartheid meant great hardship, it meant that Black people were unable to live a reasonable life. All natural civil rights were taken away from them. Public beaches, drive-in cinema parking spaces, graveyards, parks and public toilets are just a few things that were racially segregated. You can say that the church was on of few places races could mix without breaking the law. (Wikipedia, 2013) Black South Africans were segregated in education and there were even different laws. For example if a Black African committed a crime, this person could expect years in prison. But if it was a White African, the consequence would probably only be getting charged. Black Africans were treated inhumanely and considered to be filth.(NelsonMandelas, 2013) The purpose of their education was to train them to be Black labourers or servants as it was considered all they were good for. In addition, whole communities were transported by the police to new areas far away from their old homes, which were often bulldozed to the ground. One of these communities were Sophiatown, and here is a inhabitant describing what it was that happened: We had to take everything and throw it outside.Show MoreRelatedPositive Impact Of Nelson Mandela1254 Words   |  6 PagesSial Ms. Poll Global Studies Honors December 11, 2017 Nelson Mandela   Ã‚  Ã‚   Nelson Mandela was a great leader of South Africa. Nelson Rolihlahla   Mandela was born in South Africa on July 18, 1918. He was an anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who was the first black and democratically elected President. Before Mandela was elected president, South Africa was a country with a white supremacist government, ruled by apartheid. There were racial tensions between whites and blacksRead MoreNelson Mandela Essay920 Words   |  4 Pages As Nelson Mandela said, â€Å"Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are dedicated to and passionate about what they do.† A champion of civil rights, a voice for the oppressed, and a strong anti-apartheid activist, Nelson Mandela is one of the most revered and recognizable names from recent years. He dedicated his entire life to serving others, both in his personal and political life. There were social, economic, and cultural influences on Nelson Mandela which affectedRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1750 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Mandela did not merely oppose white domination; he opposed domination by any racial group, including Africans. By standing firm in his principles and enduring extraordinary sacrifices that robbed him of most of his adult life, he helped force change, while proving beyond any doubt that he was a leader who could be trusted to keep his word† (Kent). Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) was a human rights activist as well as the first black President of South Africa. Referred to as the living embodiment ofRead MoreThe Apartheid Of Nelson Mandela And Many Others1566 Words   |  7 PagesAs a result of the work of Nelson Mandela and many others, apartheid, an oppressive form of government that promoted systematic segregation and institutionalized racism in South Africa, was ended in 1994. The Afrikaans word apartheid means separateness, and during the period of the apartheid, people were classified and separated into different racial groups where the civil and human rights of non-whites were curtailed. Although apartheid started in 1948, the roots of inequality were presented yearsRead MoreNelson Mandela was the Man Who Changed South Africa Essay814 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades and being a minority race? His name was Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. He is a true inspiration to those who hear his story. Starting out as nothing more than a black man and ending as a person whose name is heard and recognized all over the world is something that just briefly explains Nelson Mandela’s life. As a true anti-apartheid Nelson Mandela did wonders for equality with much power even when imprisoned for nearly three decades. Nelson Mandela was a man admired by the world for his perseveranceRead More Nelson Mandela Essay examples1070 Words   |  5 Pagesare the words of a man, Ne lson Mandela, who fought for something that many would shy away from. He led the anti-apartheid movement, became the president of the African National Congress Youth League, and later became the president of South Africa winning the Nobel Peace Prize. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1942 started Nelson Mandela’s participation in the racial oppression in South Africa. He joined the African National Congress (ANC), led by Anton Lembede. In 1944, Mandela joined up with WalterRead MoreApartheid in South Africa: The African National Congress and Nelson Mandela1506 Words   |  7 Pages Apartheid was a dark time in the history of South Africa. The African National Congress played a major role in the breaking of Apartheid. Nelson Mandela played a critical role in bringing democracy to South Africa. This paper will show how the African National Congress was involved in the Anti-Apartheid movement and how the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela Changed the country as a whole. To understand how South Africa changed, one must know the history of Apartheid and the effectsRead MoreEssay on The Man Who Changed South Africa: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela955 Words   |  4 Pagesand being a minority race? His name was Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. He is a true inspiration to those who hear his story. Starting out as nothing more than a black man and ending as a person whose name is heard and recognized all over the world is something that just briefly explains Nelson Mandela’s life. As a true anti-apartheid Nelson Mandela did wonders for equality with much power even when imprisoned for nearly three decades (Smolowe 62). Nelson Mandela was a man admired by the world for hisRead MoreNelson Mandela s President Of South Africa1309 Words   |  6 Pagesbe said about nelson Mandela that everybody in the world doesn’t know already. For most of his life He has worked tirelessly to ensure freedom for not just black majority in south africa, but for all rac es. He has endured many things in his quest for peace, including being put on trial and going to jail multiple times. He is well known in his country as a hero who strived for peace. His fight eventually led him to becoming the first democratically elected president of South Africa. His legacy ofRead MoreMohandas Gandhi and Nelson Mandela746 Words   |  3 PagesTwo of the most famous leaders Mohandas Gandhi in India and Nelson Mandela in African. There are many notable peacemakers who are famous in recent history. Mohandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 and Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918. One many have heard about, and the other some might not have heard about. However, they both are well known for many of their good deeds. This essay will show how much the two leaders are different and similar. Mohandas Gandhi was born in Porbandar, India

Determinants Of Indegenous Health for Housing and Employment

Question: Discuss about theDeterminants Of Indegenous Health for Housing and Employment. Answer: Introduction There exists a disparity in health among the Indigenous non-Indigenous Australians which has been under constant highlight by the Australian media. The mass media campaigns previously were majorly focused on the raising awareness among the people while overlooking the negative social determinants of health. However, recent findings show that there are several social determinants that have lead to the generation of health inequality among the Australian aboriginals like of proper hygiene, racism, discrimination and abundance of infectious diseases. Indigenous health outcomes are influenced by a broad range of social determinants including housing, employment, incarceration, racism, education and discrimination, and can be attributed to the impact of colonization (Taylor Guerin, 2014). This report will analyze four significant media articles that are focused on housing and living conditions in remote Indigenous communities of Australia. The report will also try to evaluate how these f actors are proving to be an important social determinant among the indigenous people. The report sheds light over racism, lack of proper sanitation, overcrowding and spreading of contagious disease and prevalence of high smoking rates and their negative effects on the living condition of the indigenous people in Australia and thus generating health inequalities. Media: Article One A new policy statement on racism in the health systemhas been released by the Australian Indigenous Doctors Association (Australia, 2016) https://ajp.com.au/news/racism-impacts-health-care/ Key Issues This news article focuses over the new policy that has been frame by the Australian Indigenous Doctors Association (AIDA) upon the impact of racism in health care system on the Australian aboriginals. As per the statement of the AIDA, racism is still prevalent in the health framework of the Australian subcontinent which is creating a steep inequality in the Australian health care system. However, they have agreed that progress has been undertaken in order to curb the racism impact on health but still their lies certain indifference in the behavior and the attitude of the people. There is a firm existence of systemic racism among the Australian socio-economic domain and this lead to increase in stress level followed by poor mental and physical health outcome. Past history of racism has generated a taboo among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. Continuous encounter of racism has hit hard their self esteemed and now they fear of visiting the health care secto rs even during emergency. The article also clearly states that racism is the principal social determinant in the sector of health. The policy drafted by the AIDA uplifts an urgent need to identification of racism as a strong barrier against culturally safe health care system. They also stated that the must exist a zero tolerance in the grounds of racism across all the health care sectors in Australia. They also proposed the active preaching of culturally safe health care system for providing promising health backup to the Australian aboriginal via eliminating racism and promotion of universal health care access to all the indigenous people in Australia. Links of Models and approaches The article here highlights a broad range of health inequality among the Australian aboriginal that are arising out of racism. In the Australian subcontinent, the root cause behind the extreme health disadvantage and socio-economic imbalance among the Australian aboriginal is racism. However, in the majority of the cases, poor health has been considered as an outcome of the locational disadvantage, lack of proper financial backup and lack of proper health schemes or investment in health care plan and other cultural differences. However, racism in the health care sectors has results in poor mental yet physical health condition, bed-delays, and increases in hypertension, blood pressure and smoking (Larson, Gillies, Howard Coffin, 2007). Improved health care model and initiatives in eliminating the inequalities in healthcare sectors are not enough to curb the affect of racism in health as this will not change the behaviour of the non-aboriginal people towards the aboriginal people. Upr ooting racism from the grass root level is the only away out to overcome this situation. Contribution to current debate This article raises some interesting points over impact of racism on the health of indigenous people in Australia and how the AIDA is responding to overcome this scenario. However, the article does not take a critical stance and provides no concrete evidence regarding how the Australian government is reacting to this racism impact on the aboriginal people. The author could have also elaborated characteristic of racism which is generating health inequalities like discrimination in physical appearance, hair colour, skin colour, build or voice. Author also failed to highlight other impact of racism apart from mental health like according to the Wheel of Discrimination, as described by McConnochie et al., in the year of 1988, institutional racism results in poor level of child birth, neonatal deformity and imbalance in the health of the mother (Hampton Maree, 2013). Personal reflection As per my understanding, this article is a is significant in the grounds of racism and health inequalities in Australia. It gives a detailed insight about the steps or the policies that are needed to be followed in order to overcome this harmful impact of racism in health and in other sectors of life. However, it would have been interesting to learn about how the governmental scenario or the policies have promoted the development of this racist attitude among the Australian descents and government is presently acting to curb this health inequalities arising in term of racist attack. Media article 2 Why the housing shortage exacerbates scabies in Indigenous communities? https://theconversation.com/why-the-housing-shortage-exacerbates-scabies-in-indigenous-communities-71337 Key Issues This article is based on exacerbation of the scabies in the Indigenous population of Australia. Scabies is an infection that occurs due to the infestation of the tine mites or parasites called Sarcoptes scabei var hominis. This disease is prevalent in the remote areas of the northern Australia who were termed as the aboriginals or the Torres Strait Islanders. The scabies infection has formed an endemic in these remote regions. As per the recent report of 2016, almost 70% of the aboriginal children are affected by the scabies in their first year of life. Recent researches from the Medical Journal of Australia estimates that about one in every 100 aboriginals in the Katherine region are affected by crusted scabies and high virus infections. This can be linked with the homelessness and lack of cleanliness. Crusted scabies are communicable diseases and have the potential to infect hundreds of other people (Carapetis et al., 1997). Crusted rabies had been identified in the list of the noted diseases in the Northern territory in the year 2016 (Gibson et al., 2015). The key issue of this news is that The chairman of The Northern Territory Department of Health centre for disease control have said that considerable improvements are going on in the field of improving the housing infrastructure and sanitation, although no improvements have been found in the past few years in terms of health. Links to models and approaches This article provides with the information there health disparity lies among the Indigenous and the non indigenous Australians. The Aboriginals do not get access to clean infrastructure. According to the aboriginal fringe dwellers like Bennelong, many of the members of the aboriginal community never had a safe home since they were being ousted from their land by the white Australians (Gibson et al., 2015). And many aboriginals are still working on the development of a proper home. Most of the aboriginals cannot afford private rental houses and therefore have to depend on the private housing. It is reported that a person having scabies can have thousands of mites present in the body. The main reasons behind the spreading of scabies are prolonged physical contact, sharing a common bed. All these can link to the lack of cleanliness and overcrowding of the population (Gibson et al., 2015). Contributing to Current debate As per the news The Northern Territory Department of Health centre for disease control is currently working in association to the One disease, which is a philanthropic organization. According to the board of directors of the organization, they will b able to eradicate this disease in a systematic home. This organization has achieved success to some extent in the past 5 years in the Arnhem Land (Gibson et al., 2015). Australia is the forefront of the scabies research and is therefore having a large scope of researches in order to understand the ways of tackling the disease. Reflection The above article gives us an idea about the health status of the Aboriginals. According to me, the government should give in more efforts to make them understand the disadvantaged of remaining overcrowded. It should be mentioned that the indigenous people focuses more on the cultural aspects and are community centered (Gibson et al., 2015). In order to preserve that cultural domain, all the members try to stay together at one place. The article further throws light upon the political forces that are responsible for the deteriorating condition of the aboriginal population. It is necessary for the government to access the conditions of the aboriginals from the grass root level (Taylor Guerin, 2014). Measures should be taken to mitigate the health disparity among the Aboriginal population. Media: Article 3 Indigenous girls missing school during their periods: the state of hygiene in remoteAustralia (Nina Lansbury Hall, 2016) Key Issues This report states that anecdotal evidence girls from remote Australian communities, went missing from schools during their periods. The reported highlighted that the main reason behind this missing case is, unaffordability of the sanitary products in the remote Australian areas where the aboriginal resides. Women or girls here use toilet papers, rags and socks insteas of sanitary packs due to hike in price. Moreover, even if the products are affordable, girls members of the family are too shameful to visit the shop and but the sanitary products in front any male members of the society. The under wear are also costly, keeping their financial background into consideration. Even if the women make use of under wear, washing and drying the underwear in public is consider shameful. Moreover not only due to the social taboos, there also exists a huge dearth of proper hygiene in the schools of the remote areas of Australia. As per the report, the school girls came up with the complain that the toilet of the school is devoid of soap, dust bins and adequate supply of water, compelling them to stay indoors, generating a lack of proper educational background among them. Moreover, the girls who are found visiting the schools develop infectious disease. This report published coincided with the report published by NAIDOC (National Aboriginal and Islander Day Observance Committee). Links of Models and approaches This article has rightly updated the correct approach of the health and hygiene condition among the Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities. There still lies a high burden of infectious diseases among these aboriginal children due to existence of poor hygiene and prevalence of unsanitary living conditions. However, apart from shame, article did not highlight other social taboos that the prevalent among these aboriginals leading to the generation of the infectious disease. The children here do not wash their hands, before and after their meal, leading to the generation of diarrheal disease and infectious diseases. The article however, rightly uplifted the need for adequate access of sanitary pads, water and washing facilities in order to increases the attendance in school and to prevent generation of detrimental infectious disease. However, there exists certain educational, social cultural, financial and logistic barrier behind optimized implementation of the same, as highlighted by the UNICEF as well under the domain of menstrual management campaigns (McDonald, Bailie, Brewster, Morris, 2008). Contribution to current debate The author have used this article to attract the attention of the government to do something need full for the aboriginals residing in the remote areas of Australia. The article has also highlight that how the government has taken initiatives to install taps and showers in 3500 houses under the Housing for Health plan in order to support healthy living. The article also stated that NSW Aboriginal Land Council has joined a partnership with state governments in order to provide proper sewage and water infrastructure for the proper operation of the communities. Article also stated that there is also a need to address other economic and social issues of that are prevalent among the aboriginals in Australia. It highlighted overcrowding as a economic and social links between the health inequalities among Australian aboriginal. Now is this one of the strong point of the article but the article fail to consider other social taboos that is prominent among the aboriginals in Australia (McDonal d, Bailie, Brewster, Morris, 2008; Geelhoed de Klerk, 2012). Personal Reflection After reading the article, I want state that hygiene and proper sanitization in school must be strictly taken in consideration in the remote areas of Australia which are crowded with the Australian aboriginals. However, installation of taps and proper supply of adequate water is not enough, there must remain a proper awareness program among the aboriginal people, helping them to understand the requirement of the personal hygiene (McDonald, Bailie, Brewster, Morris, 2008). Media article 4 'Close the Gap': indigenous urged to quit smoking https://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2012/03/27/3464866.htm Key issue Aboriginal smoking is a serious health problem. And from the history of being paid with Tobacco, the rate of smoking in the aboriginal communities has increased from 40 to 80% (Hoy et al., 2012). It has been reported that the aboriginals smoke at the time of pregnancy which can be detrimental for both mother and the child. The rate of smoking had also increased among the teenagers to a considerable extent. This article focuses on the number of services that had been provided by the government in order to achieve good health and increase the life expectancy in the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. The occurrence of the chronic diseases like heart diseases and diabetes among the non indigenous has lead to the formation of the Close gap campaign in 2006. The campaign aimed at focusing on controlling the dependency of the aboriginal to drugs, smoking and alcohol, provision of opportunities for the tertiary studies. They have organized activities like spear making and tree plantation. The Pangula Mannamurna Chief Executive Officer, Karen Glover, had said that during the organization of the campaign it was difficult for them to break the fear and the hesitation of the aboriginals in approaching their team. As Pangula said that there were significant gaps and it was difficult to get gentlemen to their camp that often werent looking after their health. She said that they were trying to increase the access for Aboriginal people to the mainstream health services. Links to models and approaches It has been found that more than one person out of three persons in the aboriginals smokers. And it has been found to be the leading cause of mortality in the Australian population (Minichiello et al., 2016). Moreover this article focuses on the driving factors for the drug and smoking dependency of the aboriginals. The article provides us with the aim of the campaign that has been taken up to reduce the habit of smoking in the indigenous population. Focusing on the case smoking, the article provides an overview of the social determinants of poor health care of the aboriginals (Minichiello et al., 2016). The factors which can improve the overall health of the population including the dependency of the teenagers on drugs and cigarettes are cessation of racism, proper education, professional opportunities and accessible health care. Contributing to the current debate As per the report produced, the organized program led the people enjoy healthy lunch, learning to make fishing spears and more, but whether it could tackle smoking in aboriginals is the main issue. A particular campaign will be able to promote the taste of a better life for just one day, but the conditions would go back to the normal as the once the campaign ends. Therefore it is necessary that some permanent measure have to be taken in for better health outcomes. It can be said that betterment in the physical and spiritual well being of the aboriginals can actually improve the health status of the community (Minichiello et al., 2016). Reflection: According to me, various social determinants of the health are not being addressed in this campaign. The organizers should try to understand the reasons why these people are addicted to drugs and other addictives. Prevalent racism, low socio economic status has the teenagers to get susceptible to drug addiction (Panaretto et al., 2014). Lack of education failed to provide bright future the indigenous teenagers, which led to frustration and drug addiction. One thing that should be noted is that the aboriginal pregnant women are also found to smoke (Taylor Guerin, 2014). Programs should be organized to extend the knowledge to the female population of the aboriginals to fight with the adverse effects of smoking (Panaretto et al., 2014). It should be noted that previously tobacco was used as a method of payment. Therefore there are lots of loops and gaps that have to be addressed in order to improve the health conditions of the aboriginals. Summary In summary it can be stated that proper government policies, increase in awareness and decrease in the social determinates are the only way out to curb the health inequalities that are prevalent among the indigenous people in Australia. Conclusion The following examination on different news articles and blogs ultimately focused on the different social determinants of health. It provided information regarding the impact of racism on the mental health of the aboriginals. The examination also helps to understand the issue regarding the prevalence of scabies and other communicable diseases in the aboriginal community. Keeping an eye to this news, a brief overview about the housing and Australian infrastructure can be got. It can be said that overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure and bad sanitation system leads to communicable disease among the aboriginals. Social factors like lack of education, racism has increased the smoking habits among the Australians. Although this paper had also discussed about the different campaigns and the measures to reduce their distress, none of the campaigns were found to have long term effects. These news can only serve the purpose of increasing public awareness. The mass media campaigns previously were majorly focused on the raising awareness among the people while overlooking the negative social determinants of health. References Carapetis, J. R., Connors, C., Yarmirr, D., Krause, V., Currie, B. J. (1997). Success of a scabies control program in an Australian aboriginal community.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,16(5), 494-499. May 1997 - Volume 16 - Issue 5 - pp 494-499 Geelhoed, G. C., de Klerk, N. H. (2012). Emergency department overcrowding, mortality and the 4-hour rule in Western Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,vol. 196(2), pp. 122-126. doi: 10.5694/mja11.11159 Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., ... Brown, A. (2015). Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic review.Implementation Science,10(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0261-x Hampton, A, F. Maree T. (2013). Racism, colonisation/colonialism and impacts on indigenous people. Oxford University Press, vol. 196(2), pp. 29 Hoy, W. E., Norman, R. J., Hayhurst, B. G., Pugsley, D. J. (1997). A health profile of adults in a Northern Territory Aboriginal community, with an emphasis on preventable morbidities.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health,21(2), 121-126. Larson, A., Gillies, M., Howard, P. J., Coffin, J. (2007). It's enough to make you sick: the impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,vol. 31(4), pp. 322-329. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00079.x McDonald, E., Bailie, R., Brewster, D., Morris, P. (2008). Are hygiene and public health interventions likely to improve outcomes for Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities? A systematic review of the literature.BMC public health,pp. 8(1), vol. 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-153 Minichiello, A., Lefkowitz, A. R., Firestone, M., Smylie, J. K., Schwartz, R. (2016). Effective strategies to reduce commercial tobacco use in Indigenous communities globally: a systematic review.BMC public health,16(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2645-x Panaretto, K. S., Wenitong, M., Button, S., Ring, I. T. (2014). Aboriginal community controlled health services: leading the way in primary care.Med J Aust,200(11), 649-52. Taylor, K., Guerin, P. (2014). Health care and Indigenous Australians: Cultural safety in practice. (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Palgrave MacMillan Walton, S. F., McBroom, J., Mathews, J. D., Kemp, D. J., Currie, B. J. (1999). Crusted scabies: a molecular analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei variety hominis populations from patients with repeated infestations.Clinical Infectious Diseases,29(5), 1226-1230.https://doi.org/10.1086/313466 Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016).Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=nIwtDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=indegenous+health+careots=vaX1VfYyRTsig=MFuMDKyhn64-pKvZRCJjWEjKb34#v=onepageq=indegenous%20health%20caref=false

Pygmalion in Management Reaction Essay Example

Pygmalion in Management: Reaction Paper Pygmalion in Management: Reaction Most managers have a common sense about the impact of expectation. They understand higher expectations motivate subordinates to perform better. But when it comes to applying the theory in daily life, only a few managers hold the magic power in hands and could change other people’s destinies. There must be something ordinary people cannot overcome. What is it? In the article Pygmalion in Management, J. Sterling Livingston (1969) was spearheading the point: to be Pygmalion. Pygmalion was an artist, who sculpted a beautiful girl statue, then fell in love with her, and he believed the girl was coming to life. Ultimately, with the passion, love, and intensively expectation, Pygmalion transformed the statue to life, and married her. This story is a fairy tale, but it is a perfect metaphor of the power of expectation. Everyone is growing into apart of others expectation. In a life cycle, a child depends on parents, a student learns from teachers, and a young employee works for employers; then he or she may become a parent for children, an experienced worker, and a manager or an employer to lead young employees. According to the article, the younger the one is, the easier they are influenced by others. We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion in Management: Reaction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion in Management: Reaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion in Management: Reaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As for a young person’s career, critical time to be transformed by manager’s expectation is the first year in his or her career. After the one starts to work, he or she as an adult, rapidly reduces the chance to change set by others; meanwhile dramatically increases ability to impact on others. How many young managers could truly convert to be Pygmalion? In this article, there is a person who did it, who is a manager of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. He reassigns his subordinates as three groups: high performance, average performance, and low performance. The highly expected group largely increased their productivity. The normal group keeps normal, and the low expected one actually downs their productivity. The manager uses his magic power fostering several assistant managers, and those people become managers to cultivate more subordinates. This magic result shows how important the expectation is in one’s managerial career, and it gives young managers a clear way to go. The author further points out that those managers have strong confidence for their abilities to motivate and persuade subordinates. They could consistently motivate and transform subordinates to go beyond their potential. Once mutual trust is built, subordinates will believe that managers have the real abilities to lead to succeed. This again indicates the key character of a manager, which is the tremendous confidence. Moreover, the author reveals a scientific discovery that managers influence subordinates not only by what their sayings but also by what their behaviors. This tells managers that they should authentically and clearly deliver their expectations to subordinates. Any little sense of low expectation and low confidence in a manager’s mind could transmit to subordinates. Maybe being authentic is the most difficulty thing to most ordinary people. It sounds easy, but is very difficult to do. For those who want to be superior managers, it is a long way to become confidently. Indeed, it is more difficult to them to always coordinate behaviors with mind. For those who want to be Pygmalion, forging self-confidence, high expectation, and authentic behaviors coordinately together is the only way to go. Psychologists newly discovered that people do have strong chemical reactions happening in the brain when it comes to meet somebody else. The condition is that two people see each other for the first time and focus on each other’s eyes for enough time. If their chemical types match, there is a complicated chemical reaction in the brain; after this reaction, then love, trust, and other emotional things could go on; but if not, seldom further relationship could build. This explains why Livingston states superior managers believe their intuition to select their subordinates. When they select subordinate, chemical reaction must happen in between, and further relationship could continually go on. So, high expectation could deliver and transform to the subordinates. Unfortunately, most modern companies do not realize the power of expectation and they do not know the scientific principle of the selecting and cultivating process. As Livingston states, â€Å"Rarely do new graduates work closely with experienced middle managers or upper-level executives. Normally they are bossed by first-line managers who tend to be least experienced and tend least effective in the organization (1969)†. This is the biggest managerial mistake that managers often make. They focus more on markets, finance, revenue, or profit. They forget that the essence of management is to manage people, especially the young employees. Choosing and cultivating newcomers in the company, and developing their managerial and professional potential are managers’ primary responsibility. Once a manager lets subordinates follow his or her high expectation to self-fulfill, most impossible things could become possible. When those young people grow up and become full experienced managers, many Pygmalions will emerge from the organization. That the time a manager is Pygmalion, holding the magic power of expectation. At the end of the article, the author mentions a business bias opinion that most managers believe the new generation are not as good as their predecessors were. They do not realize that their low expectation and negative attitude leads to a worse situation. More young employees just turn off to avoid low performance set by low expectations. As managers read this article, they must reflect their cognition to this article and change their attitude to fix the problem. The new generation is the most talented people, and they are more knowledgeable with advanced technology. Certainly, they cannot stand for low expectation. Superior managers know how to develop those young people and transform them to self-fulfill to meet their potential. The business needs this young generation to grow up as superior managers to succeed. All the superior managers grew up from young person, and every young people could foster by high expectation and become a new superior manager. People who transform to be Pygmalion will hold the magic power in their hands and could make this cycle go on forever.

Unit 3 IP Pre Submit Essay

Unit 3 IP Pre Submit Essay Unit 3 IP Pre Submit Essay Unit 3 IP. In a criminal trial based on the rights outlined within the Bill of Rights an appeal can be made after a ruling has been handed down by the judge. This appeal is done as a result of the defendant and his representative having the view point that justice was not served or some aspect of his or her rights have been violated or that there were some errors in the carrying out of their due process as it relates to the first 10 amendments of the U.S. Constitution, the Bill of Rights. Another basis for appeal would be the omission of nay portion of due process. Once again, the defendant will need to point out and prove that due process has been denied, omitted or encroached on which would result in an infringement of the right encapsulated in the 14th amendment, the due process clause. The verdict handed down to a defendant in a state trial can be appealed and subsequent to due process of the initial appeal and verdict or judgment is delivered, the defendant still has another opportunity to appeal the second decision given by the appellate court as a last resort. The initial appeal is usually submitted to the Intermediate Court of Appeals which are found in 39 of the United States of America. In the state of Florida, there are 5 Intermediate Courts of Appeals which are also called District Courts of Appeals (DCA). As we may know, these courts’ function as a fine-toothed comb, ensuring that every aspect of the law as consistent with the constitution has been duly observed in relation to a defendant’s rights and liberties outlined in the Bill of Rights. Depending on the jurisdiction of the lower court the relative district court will then be selected for any course of appeals. In Florida, the courts of appeal are located in Tallahassee, Lakeland, Miami, West Palm Beach and Daytona Beach respectively. Although there is a possibility for an appeal to the Florida Supreme Court, then the U.S. Supreme Court as a final resort as it relates to litigated case s, it is a general rule that the decisions of the DCA represents the final appellate review. Most cases submitted for appeal to the Florida Supreme Court or the U.S. Supreme Court that has already received ruling from the DCA is essentially denied. (Ref 1: www.flcourts.org) In the state of Florida, due to the size of the state, most of the cases submitted for appeal are never handled by the Florida Supreme Court or the U.S. Supreme court as the DCA have been empowered to function as the supreme courts would. The same processes employed to select Supreme Court Justices are used when selecting District Court Justices thus affording the Justices of the DCA the same authority as those in the Supreme Court. This step taken to

Building a Network

Building a Network The Web abounds with writers who ponder how to develop that proverbial network thats supposed to represent their 1,000true fansthose fans who are supposed to make our growth possible. Those fans who want anything we have to offer, and tell others about it. In case you are not familiar with the concept, read these articles. You need to know. Your 1,000 True Fanshttp://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2008/03/1000-true-fans.html A 20-Step Process for Finding Your 1,000 True Fanscopyblogger.com/20-steps-1000-fans/ 1,000 True Fanskk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php But writers fail to build these fans. Either they are blind to the opportunities when they present themselves, or they profess they have no time. In either case, they set themselves up to fail. And when they need those fans the most, they fuss about not having them. I know you have limited time. Every other person on the planet has limited time. The successful manage their time more efficiently. So its on you, my friend. That is, assuming you seriously want to be a writer. So . . . to earn those true-blue 1,000 fans, you need to: 1) Return emails to anyone with the slightest interest in your work, without exception. Regardless of what you think of them, regardless of how serious you think they are about their writing, regardless of how quirky, angry, bubble-headed, or tacky they are. You are not in this business to judge. You are in this business to write, and in this effort, you have no right to be selective about who has the potential to like your work. In other words, enjoy anyone who likes reading and writing. Were all different. There is no right or wrong. 2) At conferences, collect those business cards, and upon your return home, reach out and rejuvenate that connection. Be gracious. 3) Be liberal in your Facebook and Twitter connections and friends. 4) Be bold in your profiles on any online resource (Twitter, Facebook, Goodreads, Amazon, Pinterest, Google, LinkedIn, etc.). Liberal means being upfront about what type writer you are. Show others you mean business in this writing business. 5) Reach out. Whether you have a newsletter or keep a blog, communicate. If you dont have time for your fans, why should they have time for you? 6) Smile. Enjoy others company. Appreciate people. Sounds like work, doesnt it. Duh! Of course it is. But its the most rewarding work, outside of writing your stories, that you can accomplish. Assuming you want to put WRITER on your tax return under PROFESSION.

Statistical coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Statistical - Coursework Example Beta is the gradient of the model line. Nonetheless, for ADM, BLT, AV, CPG and RIO Company, there was no significant beta to explain the market risk since t-statistic was less than the critical value. Generally, alpha, the constant, illustrated how much worse or better the company performed than CAPM predicted (negative alpha illustrated how much worse the fund performed and vice versa). The quality of our model was illustrated by our R2. While an R2 of 1.0 would imply that our model fit the weekly data perfectly (100%) and that the performance of the funds were explained by their risk exposure, as estimated by beta, this was not the case as evidenced in different R2, s in the Table 1. According to Reilly & Brown (2012), variation of stock returns is the concern of any shareholder. As such, most models are not interested in finding out the most convenient way of determining stock return but to see which macroeconomic factors determine the variation of stock return. CAPM is a simple model that is perceived on sound reasoning, some of the assumptions that look like the model are unrealistic. Rather than simply just broadening an existing theory, Albright, Winston & Zappe (2009) propos this concern by giving a completely different model: the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). Being the opposite of CAPM, the current developed APT starts with the assumption that arbitrage opportunities should not be found in perfect financial markets. This thought is a little bit restricted than those needed to develop the CAPM. Bruns (2013) claims APT starts by assuming that there are n factors, which cause asset returns to significantly differ from their expected values. Secondly, it adopts systematic risk (beta). CAPM considers systematic. This has been assumed in other return models, like the dividend discount model (DDM). Systematic or market risk is a fundamental variable because it is one does not see it therefore cannot be

Marketing Plan for Dog and Duck Bar Research Paper

Marketing Plan for Dog and Duck Bar - Research Paper Example A careful evaluation of the weekly customer flow and entertainment schedule served as the foundation for this analysis and the following marketing plan. The demographics of the target markets are somewhat varied and the customer attendance is unpredictable, but research indicates that bistro clientele is extremely loyal. The plan focuses on DDB's future growth strategy in increasing public awareness, developing and maintaining customer loyalty, improving the acoustic and functional design of the interior, maximizing future profits by promoting the bistro within its specific niche market, and emphasizing the bistro's superiority in the live entertainment music market and restaurant. Because DDB's promotional budget is rather limited, free exposure like press releases and emails will be sent out on a regular basis to announce the entertainment schedule and cooperative advertising will be pursued for all future print media. A part-time marketing director will be hired to assist the owne rs in creating ad layout and content, as well as helping with public relations. Because DDB's has relatively weak marketing and financial resources, it has relied heavily on extensive word-of-mouth advertising. Fortunately, this approach has helped to achieve a limited degree of success thus far in the club's existence, but this method will not achieve the type of profit margin the owners are hoping to obtain or sustain any type of business for very long. In the meantime, the employees will have to make a major effort to ensure that once they gain new customers, they don't lose them by consistently delivering quality products and services at competitive prices. To obtain repeat business from loyal customers, DDB's must work hard to establish long-term relationships with its clientele. Â  

Connections Les Murray Essay Example for Free

Connections Les Murray Essay A connection is an avenue of interaction that establishes and develops a relationship between people, places, and culture. Connections as social constructs may be positive or negative, impacted by internal beliefs, values and ideas that underlie the external determinants of environment, attitudes and culture within society. Poet Les Murray and educator Jane Elliott critically explore in their texts the cultural disconnection in the Australian and Canadian communities in response to the interaction of these factors and their effect on the avenues of interaction between people. Les Murray’s Sydney and the Bush embodies the poet’s personal connection and attachment to the ‘farmer lifestyle’ as he blames the disconnection of urban and rural Australia entirely on the city’s infatuation with materialistic pleasure. This consequently emphasises his value of the nature of rural society. Murray perceives the infatuation as an external attitude of the modernised and corrupted urban society, factored by the city individual’s internal values of luxury, wealth and power being the unmistakable cause of the cultural divide. He reinforces this notion through the technique of repetition, using the phrase ‘When Sydney’ in order to periodically mark the progression of cultural disconnection and accentuate the attributing internal and external factors. â€Å"When Sydney ordered lavish books, and warmed her feet with coal† reiterates the internal necessity for comfort and sophistication as few of limited sources of satisfaction. Les Murray further develops the concept of disconnection in the poem when â€Å"then bushman sank and factories rose, and warders set the tone†, contextualising this to reveal a loss of cultural identity for the rural community through industrialisation. â€Å"Then convicts bled and warders bred, the bush went back and back† whereby the poet suggests that nature is the central value of the farmer lifestyle, governing the internal and external factors of their connections, which in this poem is a disconnection to the urban society. Thus, Murray demonstrates that our connections are negatively impacted by internal and external factors, expressing a critical perspective that reflects his own value of and connection to nature and its simplicity as a source of contentment. creates another social critique of the urban social hierarchy contrast he begins the poem with â€Å"When Sydney and the Bush first met, there was no open ground† and ends with a juxtaposing â€Å"When Sydney and the Bush meet now, There is no common ground† enabling readers to identify the divided Australia in its urban and rural communities.

My Mean Old Art Teacher Essays -- Personal Narrative Writing

My Mean Old Art Teacher Mr. Arnold stands smugly by his classroom door between classes, with his arms proudly crossed over his chest as trails of students trample past his art room each day. Many of the passers-by recognize this man simply as "the scary art teacher." Those who have experienced Mr. Arnold's art class first-hand regard him otherwise. I had heard many stories about Mr. Arnold before entering his grueling class. "Most people don't like him," some warned me. Others commented, "I've heard his class is really difficult." I can remember my first day in his art class clearly. I entered his room a timid freshman with unpleasant expectations. Maybe I was even a little more than timid. The concept of high school frightened me, and having a teacher with a bad reputation didn't ease my fears. I was a sheltered fourteen-year old girl; a girl who had been babied most of her life. I entered room 28 for the first time on a warm late-summer's afternoon, as the sun's rays attempted to soothe me through the windows. The poignant smell of oil paint filtered through the air, soft classical music drifted from his office and impressive artwork decorated the walls. Mr. Arnold always insisted, much to the students' opposition, that, "Classical music puts you in the right mind set to create art. It will not distract you, it will force you to focus." The shelves juggled piles of aged art supplies and half-filled canvases doffed the edges of the room. Mr. Arnold loomed in front of the class with his pointer, a man with frosty silver hair and an undeniable bald spot, unraveling his list of arduous requirements. "Art is not an easy B", he smirked, making reference to a sign on the wall, and squinting at us with his sharp icy eyes. "Furt... ...der his tutelege. Mr. Arnold's guidance has made me realize that if I deeply and genuinely love what I do, I can succeed. Art has wisked me into lands of creativity and imagination I never knew. I've learned to expand my boundaries by setting sail on risky bodies of water. I may be somewhat of a timid person, but when I create art, I can fly. Mr. Arnold has helped me gain more of the confidence I so desperately needed to break loose. I spent four years in that same room, a room where I grew to love the familiar smell of oil paint and the sound of classical music, listening to Mr. Arnold holler, narrate, criticize, instruct and laugh. I do know an art teacher, different from the one who stands smugly by the door of his art room, with his arms proudly crossed over his chest, and I will never forget him because his teaching has shaped me as an artist, and as a person.

Oedipus Tyrannus Essay

Oedipus Trynnus was Sophocles masterpiece and it occupies a key place in the Greek’s mythologies and probably the most famous. This Sophocles’s piece of work is also referred to as Oedipus Rex and was performed for the time in C429Bc. It was a play that was set in Thebes, a city that had been rocked by plague. In this mythology, the mother of Oedipus committed suicide by hanging herself while his real son Oedipus self exiled himself after he learned the truth that he had married his own biological mother. Oedipus had been abandoned by his father after the oracle told him that he would suffer in the hands of his own son and for this reason he ordered him to be killed. As he was ordered, shepherd refused to kill the child and gave it to another shepherd after he was unable to raise the child himself who then gave it to a childless king of Colinth, Polybus. He was raised and brought up in his courtyard until he was fully mature. All this time he never knew that those were not his real parents but through rumors, he learned that they were not his real parents and he felt like killing the king, Polybus. He decided to consult the Oracle over this issue but it declined to tell the truth although he later established the truth. The oracle seemed to ignore his question and instead told him that he would mate with his own mother and that he would shed the blood of his own sire with his own hands. (Sophocles, Meineck P, and Woodruff P. 2000) Oedipus pretended not to be hurt and continued to believe that Merope and Polybus were his real parents. Later he contemplated of leaving Corinth for Thebes to avoid the thoughts of killing them. On his way to Thebes on his chariot, he met a man whom they disagreed over who had the right to pass first. As the quarrel ensued, due to his arrogance Oedipus killed him but this was part of the prophecy that he would kill his parents using his own hands. He was not aware that that was his biological father. This action cannot be blamed on him that he killed his own father for it was a prophecy that he would shed the blood of his own sire and so he did. What should be known is that Oedipus was just fulfilling the prophecy of the oracle although he was doing this unconsciously. At time went on, Crossby H. (1860) he managed to solve a riddle that had left many baffled. This was known as Sphinx’s riddle and the riddle was, â€Å"what walks on four legs in the morning then at noon it uses two legs and in the evening on three legs? † Sphinx never imagined that anybody would unravel the mystery and so when it was done, she threw herself off the cliff side. Although again not aware of what Oedipus did, saving the world from the curse, he opened himself another door by being made the king and in addition he was given queen Jocasta to marry. This was her real mother but he was not aware. At this juncture oracle’s prophecy could be said to have materialized although none of the key players was aware even Oedipus himself despite the fact that he had been briefed by the Oracle. Immediately after he assumed the throne (Sophocles. 2006), he was promised a Prague by the gods for the murder of Laius. For this reason, he took it upon himself to look for the killer although he was not aware that he was the murderer. In aid of the search, a blind prophet, Tiresias was approached so that he would assist in bringing the killers to book. Soon, he was given a warning not to follow the matter and was blamed by the king of killing the man. In his retaliation he told the king that he was looking for himself something that made the king to look incredulous. The king in his reaction accused Teresias of being in conspiracy with Jocasta’s brother Creon to overthrow him. (Seagal C. 2000) It should be understood that the king had no other option apart from doing that because he was obliged to do so by the oracle although he was not aware that he was fulfilling the prophecy that had been made earlier to him that he would kill his own sire using his bare hands and the same happened when he killed the man over the chariot’s passage rights. Again as it had already prophesied that he would sleep with his own mother, the same happened when he married Jocasta, the queen who was given to him after she unraveled Sphinx’s riddle something that saved Thebes’s kingdom from gods’ curse. So he was just accomplishing what was predestined to happen in his life by the Oracle. He had no power to reverse this and so he was not to be blamed for his actions. If Oedipus knew that the man whom he quarreled with was his father and that the lady that was given to him as a reward was his biological mother, he wouldn’t have done what he did and so he was innocent and should not be blamed for his actions. (Crossby H. 1860) Oedipus came to learn the naked truth when king Polybus who raised Oedipus died and a messenger who was the only witness to the murder of Lais came to Thebes to convey the message of Polybus’ death (Wilson A. 994). He had run away from Thebes because he did not want to be the one that would reveal the secret. He kept his secret and the truth came to the right when the second messenger accompanied by a shepherd told him that his real parentage was unknown. While they were still seated there, her wife told him the truth something that hurt him very m uch. The truth was that he was the kid who was abandoned by Laius after he was told by the oracle that he would bring suffering to his own father. After this, his wife ran away and committed suicide by hanging herself and when the king learned of his death from his messenger he gouged his eyes out with the golden brooches that were on Jacasta’s dress. (Hunt A. J. 1937) This left him a confused man and that was why he blinded himself so that he would never meet his father in the after world. He even decided to exile himself leaving his children in the hands of Jocanta’s brother, care. At first he insisted to have the company of the children but Creon refused. In short though unaware, all his actions were predetermined and he was just doing what was in the Oracle’s design.

Children Matters: Conflict Minerals and their harmful

Congo, I decided to focus my paper on the children of the Congo and rounding countries, Including stones of child soldiers of the country and how It affects the community and family stung there. Why? These children are facing an unimaginable reality that is culturally bypassed by our degree of living here in America. I want to see how my recent knowledge of conflict minerals affects this relationship between the young children there and how it contributes to their upbringing, If there is a relationship at all.For this paper, extensive research has been placed on many sources, both academic and non-academic. I tried to choose viewpoints that showed opposition to en another on the subject of child issues and conflict minerals, as well as find viewpoints that might provide a unique perspective. For the beginning research and to get me started on thinking of the conflicts within the Congo come the two texts we used for our conflict minerals readings and paper one, â€Å"Consuming the Co ngo' by Peter Chastened and â€Å"Coolant† by Michael Nest.Both these text offer opposing views on the role of conflict minerals within the Congo and but detail some statistics and personal experience to. Peter Lactated Is a dedicated Journalist who shares stories f human rights abuse and is also a stakeholder in the role of child soldiers, the focus of his first main book written in 2010. He has spent years traveling throughout Africa finding tales of incredible courage from natives and exposing some of the true horror that takes place there. Michael Nest is a Journalist who focuses development issues and governance with regards to natural resources.He has collected many statistics through his work In Africa to showcase and explain that It's not only minerals that are fueling the fire in the Congo, and takes a look at other political and economic factors. From my academic books and to hopefully showcase some light on child soldiers' subject I choose these credible books. Fir st is â€Å"Young Soldiers, Why They Choose to Fight by Rachel Brett and Irma Suspect. This book collects firsthand accounts of why children who have been abducted by various militia groups throughout Africa by the former soldier themselves.It also highlights their roles In book and its accounts within because they offer true words and experiences from these kids. The authors spent a good deal of research to showcase this book and it reflects in the stories that are given. My next piece is title Child Slavery Now by Gary Craig. Gary Craig is an Associate Fellow and Emeritus Professor of Social Justice at the Wildflower Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation where he led a team of workers following modern slavery for nine years.He currently is His book has brought together countless contributions from multiple authors, each with a high level of understanding of modern slavery issues, all around the world. This piece offers great support for this topic. My last book, tit led â€Å"War and Children†, is a reference handbook written by Kenned E. Deputy and Shrink Peters. This book, although lengthy, highlights some of the true horrors of mid Africa and there consequences both to the country, and to the children. It's great interesting to see how an unlucky experience in the Congo or anywhere else can lead to a life full of pain.This reference also effectively describes the groups and activist that are in the fight to help solve these horrible happenings and uses other sources that help represent additional stakeholders in my paper. Other notable sources used for this paper include some facts that represent United State stakeholders from Whitehorse. Ova, the official government site of the United States of America. I also used an article from the New York Times who offers current and public opinion on what is going on multiple issues worldwide.These sources are trusted by the people of America for our daily news to governmental policies put in e ffect across America. Their ethos is incredibly accounted for on a variety of issues and I am happy to have their words and facts within this document. Interesting enough there is a stakeholder that is not represented by words but has had his actions criticized by my other sources. His actions have recently gained national attention and exposure from credible news stations to social media sites such as Backbone and Twitter.Everyone is asking the same question, where in the world Joseph Kong is. Joseph Kong is the leader of the LIRA, the Lord's Resistance Army, infamously known for their recruitment of young child soldiers within their group from the Congo, by any means necessary. Joseph Kong might be the most searched man for 2012 but his lack of words will prove to be the source of some of the most heated feelings within the Congo and among my other sources. I look forward to explaining more as the paper goes along.My luckiest and most valuable source I feel I have for this paper i s my friend Maggie who recently spent 6 months in Uganda, a neighboring country of the Congo in which she dedicated her time to helping child soldiers within the area. Before she came, she did years of research, independent study, and kept up to date with Invisible children, rehabilitation centers, what happens to people once they get out of the center. For months she followed Sam Chillers, who opened an orphanage to protect surrounding areas from the dangers of child soldier endangerment and abduction.She worked personally with former child soldiers and listened and learned their stories and built relationships with these children over a span 3 months, recently coming back in September 2011. Her firsthand experience and knowledge of the unfolding events there both give her an incredible amount of ethos and a leg up on my paper for my sources; I feel her story will help me better With these sources in abundance, I have no doubt I have some good information and good opposing views fo r this paper. These sources are backed by years of research and personal stories/experiences.I didn't really give thought to how many resources I should pick, but feel this is quite adequate for the lesson at hand. Their words should really give a detailed look into the lives of the children within the Congo, and how conflict minerals and other factors contribute to this rapidly media attention getting lifestyle of Africa. Section l: Fact: Conjecture and Definition The conjecture of conflict minerals and child issues within the Congo are in abundance with regards to my sources. For the beginning of this section and my early research, I have found that all my sources do in fact agree on the belief that these actions are real.That is, they are happening. The steady mining of minerals by natives who have been exploited and/or worse, turned into rebel army members to force others to do their dirty deeds has Just been the fuel that has burned this real life wildfire for years. â€Å"Con suming the Congo' written by Journalist Peter Chastened might Just perhaps be the best source to define the term conflict minerals. His book was incredibly easy to understand and relate to as he took me through the Journey behind the curtains of Africans darkest war.He defines the conflict minerals resources mined in the midst of armed conflict and egregious human right buses† (Chastened). That is, these are minerals used by the world by labor rights that cause conflict within Africa. These conflicts included forcing natives to mine the minerals under the eyes of militia groups that use the minerals to wage for machinery within their rebel groups. As well as his research behind the conflict minerals within the Congo, Peter helps tie in my other research and definition of child soldiers within the country as well.He in fact wrote his first book about it, titled First Kill your family: Child Soldiers of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army. From y understanding, Chastened first covered this story to see what was in deed happening right in the land where Maggie traveled. This indeed should build upon hi ethos. Coolant is another great source and Nest's works goes above and the beyond the violence in Africa. Michael Nest shares some of the dark and disturbing facts and figures of the minerals that are mined daily, there are an estimated 750,000 to 2,000,000 artisan miners in the DRY peg. 7. In 2000, eastern DRY became enveloped in coolant fever, akin to the gold rushes of the 19th century in the United States. Conflict is not new to Congo' (Nest peg. 6). Between the amount of workers that are exploited for these minerals and the rush for the mineral brought by major corporations, show indeed why these minerals are considered conflict material. â€Å"Few share Island's confidence in the government. Some suggest that if the government wants peace in eastern Congo, it needs to involve mining communities in the structure of the government.The government needs to become more inclusive, not exclusive. Most communities are isolated and therefore vulnerable, forcing them to turn to armed ethnic groups for protection and for a sense of community and control. (Nest) Young Soldiers. â€Å"l entered in war very early, when I was 12 or less I came to Missionaries for schooling and I became involved in war. I never wanted to use gun and I never wanted to fight in my country. [†¦ ]We had to defend and fight, proves that this is indeed happening to kids, on not Just Africa but a global level.The point of this book shares the untold stories of children, straight from the children themselves. Child issues in Africa are defined in many ways as shown by my sources as well as the conflict minerals. For most of my sources, their reason for their existence is based n the universal, Western definition and belief that children, especially under the age of 18, should not be involved with the actions of war. However ,Young Soldiers, Why they Choose to Fi ght wants to define these children as indicating they have a choice in whether they pursue this lifestyle or not, a unique perspective.There following 53 natives of boys and girls The United States of America has constructed laws in attempts to define Child Soldiering and how they would react to it, thus indicating that they do in fact believe these acts are happening. According to this New York Times Article written in 010 about child soldiers in the Congo, the U. S reported the following; â€Å"The Congo was exempted because United States-backed programs were helping its military become more professional and fight rights abuses. † â€Å"Recruiting young children for militia purposes and other doings?Yes, this type of enslavement exists. I have noticed it a lot in (through my research) of the Eastern Countries, in China, India, and especially in the area of Congo, Uganda, Sudan, and Central Republic of Africa†. (Maggie). These are the words from my fellow traveler Mag gie, who sums up in agreement what most of my other sources tell me within their own words. Her experience there leaves no doubt in my mind these actual crimes of humanity, as it would be viewed in the United States, are indeed happening overseas. About half of the victims and casualties of war are people under the age of 18 and nearly 250,000 boys and girls worldwide are actively involved in fighting as soldiers. † (War and Children). This staggering statistic sums up at once the fact that this type of injustice to children, 18 and younger, is happening. Nearly half, half of all the soldiers are merely children, who die as a result of this violence. Here is the law of the United States Child Prevention Act of 2008 which clearly fines child soldiers as illegal to practice.SUBJECT: Presidential Determination with Respect to Section 404(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, pursuant to section 404(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (CAPS), title IV of the William Wildflower Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorizing Act of 2008 (Public Law 110 457), I hereby determine that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application to Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, and Yemen of the repetition in section 404(a) of the CAPS.If you read closely, this law makes child soldiers legal in the above listed areas, but only for a limited amount of time, a window that has far exceeded its curfew here in 2012. The United States is now firmly against the idea of Child Soldiers, all who are The consequence of this are mentioned later. Section II: Causes and Consequences: The amount of varied expressions and claims in this section make it the most interesting in my opinion.The general agreed upon assumption between all my sources is that the event of child soldiers and conflict minerals do exist in the C ongo ND throughout Africa and has caused some serious violence across the country. But there are other sources within that speak with their actions and show what many might think as a consequence as actually a great side effect. For my friend Maggie when asked about the cause of these young fighters, she quickly replied with intensity to her voice. It occurs in Uganda because the rebel army â€Å"Lord's Resistance Army or LIRA† take children because e they are easy targets and are part of their strategy because children are the only age group that will give the LIRA an advantage because their adversaries will reconsider shooting a child. It comes down to free labor,† she breathes â€Å"and they don't have to honor any rights in†. This is Magpie's view of the impending causes and consequences of the child soldiers within Africa. In this claim, she points to a group of rebels already within Africa, not at the United States. Is this because of lack of knowledge of o ur involvement or an oversight?This is Just one viewpoint. As mentioned before she doesn't really share the same ethos on conflict minerals as my other sources do. Chastened takes a much broader approach to the claim of conflict minerals, ultimately suggesting that the cause of this inflict, besides from the minerals, includes mostly the need for these items and the corporations who pay for them. In Consuming the Congo, he states the following. â€Å"Are the producers and consumers of electronics really at fault in eastern Congo? If corporate blame is to be dispensed, it needs to be directed to all. (Chastened, Epilogue 214).This includes the thought the we, westerners of society, are contributing to the deadly ear that has waged on for years there by the simple use of our cell phones and other daily items. Right from the beginning of his novel, Chastened calls out his audience with this call to action; â€Å"Every time you use a cell phone or log on to a computer, you could be co ntributing to the death toll in the bloodiest, most violent region in the world; the eastern Congo. † In the eyes of Nest, his view of the cause and consequences both mirror the thoughts of Chastened but still hold his own opinion. Coolant attracts so many armed groups. If there were no 136). By Ezekiel, a representative of the Lubber region, a gold mining community, met by Nest on his travels. The major assumption in this quote identifies the users of these items to be the reasons of conflict in Africa. The consequence is obviously death of millions of natives and mass damage to the land of Africa. Michael Nest's Book also states the following; â€Å"Coolant came to the attention of the general media in 2001 when reports began filtering in of warlords in the Congo earning enormous profits from a rare mineral and a frenzied coolant rush of miners into the Jungle to exploit deposits. Caused by Palpitation 2)peg. 12 Coolant and Conflict page 66-â€Å"A common them in all phase s of conflicts is the devastating impact of violence on civilians, especially in rural communities. Armed groups have engaged in widespread sexual violence, kidnapped men, women, and children, stolen livestock and possessions, burned houses, and made working in agriculture fields extremely dangerous. † Peg. 67 As mentioned before, Michael believes there are many cause of the violence of Congo, not Just Coolant. This includes politics, minerals from other countries and the greed of other major corporations within.These factors influence the rushes that have placed these natives to work in mines in order to survive. Young Soldiers Why the Choose to fight brings a new claim to the table on why these child soldiers are indeed soldiers. According to a research project conducted by the ILL, about two thirds of child soldiers interviewed in Burundi, Congo-Brazzaville, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and others concluded that they took the initiative of enrolling themselves When I first saw this I was shocked, these is no way this is true.But further research and analysis done by Brett and Speech and the stories they collected show another side of why these children decide to engage in acts we ourselves in the western world would not even think of. Then again, survival between African kids and American kids has a somewhat different meaning to it. And that's exactly what some of the causes for this unnatural (or natural behavior) are. Some of these kids that Join are for their own safety, they have nowhere else to go. There are economic downsides for the reintegration of child soldiers back into society.Sometimes it seems in the best interest in the child to return him to his family but sometimes they are too far gone or families can't afford to keep them. All my sources seem to agree that there is indeed a consequence of these actions that go with the children and conflict minerals, consequences that are not good, and lead into my next point of tension. Ba d consequences include the above. Outside of the children, damage to tribes, any family ties, trust between generations, instills corruption, fight to stay alive, family members turn on family members. (War and Children) Section Ill: Value and Evaluation: Most of my sources would agree the evaluation of the situation is a bad, but maybe not as bad as everyone thinks. This is seen in Michael Nest's book. â€Å"Violence in the DRY is not the result of Just one issue. â€Å"(Coolant, peg. 103). This is in terms of Coolant, only one mineral in Africa that provides the world supply of only Just 5 percent. When o look at the numbers and statistics of Michaels I must agree that it seems to be and providing hard times for children who are there mining instead of attending school Other examples of Coolant page 100-105 with this statement. A common theme in all phases of conflicts is the devastating impact of violence on civilians, especially in rural communities Naturally, the narrowed vie w of Coolant gives Nest a narrow mind set and not as broad as my other sources go such as Maggie with the thought of conflict When I asked my friend Maggie her evaluation this was her response. â€Å"My evaluation is that it is bad, I would dare to say it's terrible. Striping children of their innocence in any way is barbaric is horrible. And the things the Army makes them do is inconceivable.The issue of child soldiers in not a big deal maybe in our country, but in Africa, it's become a mainstream issue because anyone around that area has been affected. Whether it be people they know have been taken or have seen the violence, the natives over there have witnessed firsthand this injustice. † Maggie words speak to my soul and the hurt in her voice can only be the tip of what these children are feeling like when they are forced to do such horrible actions. She personal â€Å"l personally see no good consequences of this action because the damage done to the child is far greate r than any good could come out of it.Forcing children to kill parents, or beating, raping, torturing them into submission outweighs any â€Å"pros† that exist for the. † However this is seen in opposition by Joseph Kong, who is the ringleader in gathering up small children to fight in militia groups all around Africa. You could say he is the fire that both Maggie and other activist wish to extinguish and discontinue from burning. I personally have no words from Joseph himself, but his actions have certainly said plenty.It is quite evident he believes child soldiers are a good thing, a way of cheap labor and early brainwashing that allows his own methods of reasoning to be put in full use. His avoidance of capture suggest he knows what he is doing is wrong, but is perfectly k with continuing his lifestyle of crime, organizing militias to take unsuspecting children and ultimately develop them into a product that might never be able to be returned back to society. When the United States goes into evaluation of the conflict that is taken place in the Congo, it's obvious by the law that they don't believe in the practices that are in use there. † I prohibition in section 404(a) of the CAPS. † This is there Evaluation that it is no longer going to be tolerated by the United States if it in deed continues to happen, and that we will refuse to help their military should these illegal practices continue to be put into use A Story from War and Children. This quote is summarized by a kid who became part of the LIRA because his uncle turned his family so that his uncle would stay safe. He and two of his brothers were made into child soldiers and her sister had been raped repeatedly to the point where she now has five kids.His parents were killed in front of him by LIRA soldiers because they would not turn in their children to them. It's sad to think that your own family can be the cause of your situation as was the case with this child Consuming t he Congo- â€Å"Over five and a half million have died as a result of the violence that takes place there. Every time we use a mobile phone, use a video game console, or open a tin can, we hold the lives and deaths of the eastern. † This is the deep evaluation of Peter Chastened, which in Africa. † Peg. 5.It's an exaggeration that is meant to receive sympathy from the audience which in turns reveals that Peter does feel that the situation in the Congo is needlessly bad, and we have a chance to stop it. Young Soldiers- Why They Choose to Fight: The want for this particular source answers this proposal of this is bad. Children â€Å"volunteering† Just to have a meal it sickens me. But the stories within are not all as â€Å"bad†. There are children like Stephen from the United Kingdom and German, from the DRY who want to fight for their country. Is that a bad thing?Certainly not, I myself have a close friend who is joining the air force. The only difference is that he is 18, these kids are 12. It's this hype of cross roads that mix the evaluation as bad or good between my sources, heck even in between my own sources. Here in the United States it's against the law to Join the army so young, but we view defending our country as a good and honorable thing. Is it not Just as honorable if it's a child, according to most of my sources, and our western ideology in our modern world, the answer would be no. It sure gives something to think about through.. Section lb.Proposal Between all my sources, the current paid media attention and my own feelings toward these actions, it is quite evident that the call to action is to help these hillier and natives of the Congo. However, finding having the right call for action is like finding the right wireless network. Should one go unlimited, helping every known cause of war and conflict affecting these children, Juggling mass activist projects and let loose their opinions simply because they can, or shou ld one personalize their data plan, attacking the heart of problem of which they believe to have the most anguish and severity. And if so, what plan is right?To Maggie, the answer is clear. â€Å"Ending child slavery is a desirable action, for having it continue would be an injustice to these children and allow torture to continue. The emotion in Magpie's voice during this answer shows me she really cares about the inhumane actions that are happening here. She's seen firsthand the negative effects that continue to drive against these children. She also believes certain actions would lead to this desirable outcome. â€Å"On a small scale, apprehending Joseph Kong would go a long way. All the higher ups of the rebel army, all LIRA officials must be apprehended. Efforts by the U.S are in route but might be too late. I support people are trying to make this an issue. † Here Maggie reflects on the recent resurgence and the fight to bring this man, Joseph Kong, to Justice. â€Å" It's turned into genocide and we have ignored it for years for what, no icon value in Africa, focus on oil. Too fine he would be easy, he goes through talks and negations through other people but would flake out, for years the government has known where he is but has not gone after him. † When I questioned about the impending coverage of these children and Joseph Kong she replied with this; â€Å"It's finally getting more coverage, so it's on the radar.Mostly people Jumping on the bandwagon but it's out there All comes down to economics, the fact that we didn't alp reinforces the idea that they are not worth helping. † Here, Maggie claims that it is indeed important to bring down Joseph Kong and that we need to take charge in part of the United States is represented as well as I see a connection between Magpie's thoughts real events happening. The want to bring this guy to Justice is strong, flooding the airwaves of social media network to people all over the world.But its action from these people that will make a difference, not Just the click of a button in agreement with the above policy. The Proposal claim for Consuming the Congo was found in Chastened epilogue. The Congolese must create their own solutions to their problems. The key to solving the conflict minerals puzzle lies within the people of the eastern Congo and their government. Rather than engaging in aggressive public relations tactics, rights, campaigners, advocacy groups, and others might better become involved in eastern Congo in more meaningful ways.They have choices. † These choices don't Just include â€Å"Jumping on the bandwagon† as Maggie would say or even stopping using popular devices such as cell phones that use minerals mine by children and other natives who are doing forced labor. From his claim I have deemed that it is important that the Congo help themselves, and show a want to change of the conflict that arises from these terrible actions Michael Nest p roposal conclusion shares some actions from opposing author Peter Chastened. However, he has his own proposal and reasoning. What can and should a concerned person do to end the relationship between coolant and the war in the eastern Congo. He wants you to learn the facts, become educated. All decisions should be made if you are an informed person. † It might not be worth to participate in a mobile phone boycott. † (Coolant, 185) Nest offers a lot more participation from the government and politics to help bring a stop to the violence within the Congo. I whole heartedly agree with Nest's proposal because as more and more attention to this matter comes up, especially in conversations with my peers, I am noticing a lack of knowledge on the subject.If one wants to run and help, they must first learn to walk. Nest's also elaborates on the importance of the Congo needing to help themselves, placing some blame on the government. â€Å"Few share Island's confidence in the gove rnment. Some suggest that if the government wants peace in eastern Congo, it needs to involve mining immunities in the structure of the government. The government needs to become more inclusive, not exclusive. Most communities are isolated and therefore vulnerable, forcing them to turn to armed ethnic groups for protection and for a sense of community and control. (Nest) Based on this thought, it seems the government is not doing enough in Nest's opinion to take care of the growing problem. Having an inclusive community can change how they interact with one another and possible change their horrid lifestyles. The United States has proposed to stop Child Soldier with their Child Soldier Prevention act of 2008 as already discussed. With this law, aid of our Unites States military will not go those who allow people under the age of 18 to fight in wars.With this proposal put in effect, it has discouraged other countries from losing the aid we would give them, this is ultimately the acti on we want to take place in order to have the government of the Congo follow through and not allow Child Soldiers. My last proposal comes from Why They Choose to Fight. This book is unique as it begins to break down the stories of the children and ex-soldiers and asks them what they involvement from other to help build better education and employment opportunities so that kids now have more options then to have to fight for their freedom from rebel groups. Three of the most significant are education, employment, or other economic activity to reestablish relationships within families† (Young Soldiers) it seems they want people here to help and protect these three important factors in order to stop the flow of violence. The question of proposal that is being answered in the topic is: What can help the dire child issues within the Congo as well as its relation with conflict minerals. Nest and Chastened follow that of action, becoming educated and maybe Joining activist groups tha t know that follow the cause.The United States and Nelson feel it is important the Congolese Government step up and fight this issue. From the current media attention and Maggie thoughts, finding Kong 2012 is of the utmost importance. For authors Brett and Aspect, and Gary Craig argue to end child labor and cruelty by keeping children in school, employed, factors that don't influence to turn to this lifestyle. Each source brings good ideas to proposal, and factors them above and below everyone else's respectively. But the assumption of the need to help is there in all sources, and motivates its audience to do the same.Reflection, Synthesis, and Points of Entries for Papers 3 and 4 So this is it. This is the moment I have dreaded since I first became admitted into the University of Colorado Colorado Springs. This is the paper that will make or break me and allow all my weaknesses to be seen with hopes that the will either be improved, or point me down a much darker path that has no w riting in my future. I am scared for this paper 2. Not because of the number of pages or the deadline. It's the no BBS part. This paper is very real and is expected to be of superb material. How am l, a freshman, supposed to be able to produce this?To say I feel way in over my head is a huge understatement, I am not even sure where to begin. I know my focus on my paper should follow what we have covered in class and that has been the uprising of violence within the Congo. But what does that mean? Why do I care? How am I going to manage at least 15 pages of stasis theory to cover this in a way that puts me ahead of my scholars? That's my main concern, I really want to start proving I am a writer UT I feel so lost, to people here I'm Just another student, but I have dreams and I fear that this work will be for nothing.But anyway, let's focus more on this paper shall we. Children; kids, the future, young, innocent, free. These are the usual thoughts and synonyms that describe these lit tle people that could very well end the dire situation I have recently learned. We all have our own thoughts and when it comes to portraying children, now I think of them holding guns. Think of nine and ten year olds working to feed their families, being abducted from their village to Join militia armies

Republic Of China Essays - Republic Of China, Sun Yat-sen

Republic Of China Essays - Republic Of China, Sun Yat-sen Republic of China The republic that Sun Yat-sen and his associates imagined slowly came about. The revolutionists lacked an army, and the power of Yuan Shikai began to outdo that of parliament. Yuan revised the constitution at will and became dictatorship. In August 1912 a new political party was founded by Song Jiaoren ( 1882-1913), one of Sun's associates. The party, the Guomindang was an blend of small political groups, including Sun's Tongmeng Hui . In the national elections held in February 1913 for the new bicameral parliament, Song campaigned against the Yuan administration, and his party won a majority of seats. Yuan had Song assassinated in March; he had already arranged the assassination of several pro-revolutionist generals. Animosity toward Yuan grew. In the summer of 1913 seven southern provinces rebelled against Yuan. When the rebellion was suppressed, Sun and other instigators fled to Japan. In October 1913 an intimidated parliament formally elected Yuan president of the Republic of China, and the major powers extended recognition to his government. To achieve international recognition, Yuan Shikai had to agree to autonomy for Outer Mongolia and Xizang. China was still to be suzerain, but it would have to allow Russia a free hand in Outer Mongolia and Britain continuance of its influence in Xizang. In November Yuan Shikai, legally president, ordered the Guomindang dissolved and its members removed from parliament. Within a few months, he suspended parliament and the provincial assemblies and forced the promulgation of a new constitution, which, in effect, made him president for life. Yuan's ambitions still were not satisfied, and, by the end of 1915, it was announced that he would reestablish the monarchy. Widespread rebellions ensued, and numerous provinces declared independence. With opposition at every quarter and the nation breaking up into warlord factions, Yuan Shikai died of natural causes in June 1916, deserted by his lieutenants. Nationalism and Communism After Yuan Shikai's death, shifting alliances of regional warlords fought for control of the Beijing government. The nation also was threatened from without by the Japanese. When World War I broke out in 1914, Japan fought on the Allied side and seized German holdings in Shandong Province. In 1915 the Japanese set before the warlord government in Beijing the so-called Twenty-One Demands, which would have made China a Japanese protectorate. The Beijing government rejected some of these demands but yielded to the Japanese insistence on keeping the Shandong territory already in its possession. Beijing also recognized Tokyo's authority over southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. In 1917, in secret communiqu?s, Britain, France, and Italy assented to the Japanese claim in exchange for the Japan's naval action against Germany. In 1917 China declared war on Germany in the hope of recovering its lost province, then under Japanese control. But in 1918 the Beijing government signed a secret deal with Japan accepting the claim to Shandong. When the Paris peace conference of 1919 confirmed the Japanese claim to Shandong and Beijing's sellout became public, internal reaction was shattering. On May 4, 1919, there were massive student demonstrations against the Beijing government and Japan. The political fervor, student activism, and iconoclastic and reformist intellectual currents set in motion by the patriotic student protest developed into a national awakening known as the May Fourth Movement. The intellectual milieu in which the May Fourth Movement developed was known as the New Culture Movement and occupied the period from 1917 to 1923. The student demonstrations of May 4, 1919 were the high point of the New Culture Movement, and the terms are often used synonymously. Students returned from abroad advocating social and political theories ranging from complete Westernization of China to the socialism that one day would be adopted by China's communist rulers. Opposing the Warlords The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. In October 1919 Sun reestablished the Guomindang to counter the government in Beijing. The latter, under a succession of warlords, still maintained its facade of legitimacy and its relations with the West. By 1921 Sun had become president of the southern government. He spent his remaining years trying to